See bōks on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bōkastabaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bōkalistiz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bōkārijaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bōkōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bok"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "boc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "boke"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "book"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "booke"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "bōc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"tags": [
"Föhr-Amrum"
],
"word": "buk"
},
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"tags": [
"Heligoland"
],
"word": "Buk"
},
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"tags": [
"Mooring"
],
"word": "bök"
},
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"tags": [
"Sylt"
],
"word": "Bok"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Bouk"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "boek"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "bōk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Buak"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "bôk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Buak"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "buk"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "bōk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Buak"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "bôk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Buak"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "buk"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "buok"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "boek"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "Bouk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bouquin"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes",
"from a diminutive"
],
"word": "boucquain"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "boec"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "buoc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "boek"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "Bouk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bouquin"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes",
"from a diminutive"
],
"word": "boucquain"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "boec"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "buok"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "Buech"
},
{
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "Büäch"
},
{
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar",
"word": "Buach"
},
{
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"word": "Booch"
},
{
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "East Franconian",
"lang_code": "vmf",
"word": "Bouch"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"word": "Busch"
},
{
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"lang_code": "wym",
"word": "büch"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "bukh",
"word": "בוך"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "buoch"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "buoh"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "Buech"
},
{
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "Büäch"
},
{
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar",
"word": "Buach"
},
{
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"word": "Booch"
},
{
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "East Franconian",
"lang_code": "vmf",
"word": "Bouch"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"word": "Busch"
},
{
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"lang_code": "wym",
"word": "büch"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "bukh",
"word": "בוך"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "buoch"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "puoh"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*bōk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "bók"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "bók"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"m or f"
],
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Elfdalian",
"lang_code": "ovd",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "buok"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pyökki"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "bōk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pyökki"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"raw_tags": [
"Runic"
],
"word": "ᛒᚮᚴ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"c"
],
"word": "bog"
}
],
"lang": "Old Danish",
"lang_code": "gmq-oda",
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Gutnish",
"lang_code": "gmq-gut",
"word": "bok"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "bók"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*bōkō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōkō"
],
[
"bookfell",
"bookfell"
],
[
"*bʰeh₂g-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeh₂g-"
],
[
"burts",
"burts#Latvian"
],
[
"bùrtis",
"burtis#Lithuanian"
],
[
"bùrtas",
"burtas#Lithuanian"
],
[
"*bъrtь",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bъrtь"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": ":der",
"3": "ine-pro:*bʰeh₂ǵos<unc>",
"4": ":der",
"5": "ine-pro:*bʰeh₂g-<unc>",
"id": "book"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰeh₂ǵos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰeh₂g-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bōks\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }\" data-id=\"book\" data-lang=\"gem-pro\" data-title=\"*bōks\" id=\"Proto-Germanic:_book\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeh₂g-",
"t": "to allot"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "letter"
},
"expansion": "“letter”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "burts",
"3": "",
"4": "letter, mark"
},
"expansion": "Latvian burts (“letter, mark”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bùrtis",
"3": "",
"4": "sign"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bъrtь",
"3": "",
"4": "carving in a tree"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Often linked to *bōkō (“beech”), though beechbark-writing, unlike birchbark-writing, is not known, nor is it likely that bookfells were made from beeches at the time. Connected by some to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”), ascribing to the word the meaning of “letter”, in the sense of merely one or few symbols; in older times, letters would have served as (allotted) ownership symbols, which would then have been generalized to any work with writing upon it. In case “letter” was indeed the original sense, compare also the semantics of Latvian burts (“letter, mark”), Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”) and bùrtas (“lot”) with Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”); thus beech trunks could have been the wood carved in, rather than the bark. According to Kroonen, “it is generally assumed that the first scriptures consisted of wooden tablets.”",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "*bōks f",
"name": "gem-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"synonym"
],
"word": "bōkō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "79 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "90 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"letter, written message, inscriptions carved into a flat object pressed together, “book”"
],
"id": "en-bōks-gem-pro-noun-vfzAC0fx",
"links": [
[
"letter",
"letter"
],
[
"book",
"book"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "North Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"beech"
],
"id": "en-bōks-gem-pro-noun-hW83h~I7",
"links": [
[
"beech",
"beech"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(originally and in North Germanic) beech"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bɔːks/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːks"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Birch bark manuscript",
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "bōks"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"Proto-Germanic consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with etymon",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeh₂g-",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *bʰeh₂ǵos",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/ɔːks",
"Rhymes:Proto-Germanic/ɔːks/1 syllable",
"gem-pro:Writing"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bōkastabaz"
},
{
"word": "bōkalistiz"
},
{
"word": "bōkārijaz"
},
{
"word": "bōkōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "bok"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "boc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "boke"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "book"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "booke"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buik"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuk"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "buke"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "beuck"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "buke"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "bōc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"tags": [
"Föhr-Amrum"
],
"word": "buk"
},
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"tags": [
"Heligoland"
],
"word": "Buk"
},
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"tags": [
"Mooring"
],
"word": "bök"
},
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"tags": [
"Sylt"
],
"word": "Bok"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "Bouk"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"word": "boek"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "bōk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Buak"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "bôk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Buak"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "buk"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "bōk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Buak"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "bôk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds"
},
{
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"word": "Buak"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "buk"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "buok"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "boek"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "Bouk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bouquin"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes",
"from a diminutive"
],
"word": "boucquain"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "boec"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "buoc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "boek"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "book"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "Bouk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "bouquin"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes",
"from a diminutive"
],
"word": "boucquain"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "boec"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "buok"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "Buech"
},
{
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "Büäch"
},
{
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar",
"word": "Buach"
},
{
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"word": "Booch"
},
{
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "East Franconian",
"lang_code": "vmf",
"word": "Bouch"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"word": "Busch"
},
{
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"lang_code": "wym",
"word": "büch"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "bukh",
"word": "בוך"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "buoch"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "buoh"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "Buech"
},
{
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"lang_code": "gsw",
"word": "Büäch"
},
{
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar",
"word": "Buach"
},
{
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"word": "Booch"
},
{
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "East Franconian",
"lang_code": "vmf",
"word": "Bouch"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"word": "Buch"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"word": "Busch"
},
{
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"lang_code": "wym",
"word": "büch"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "bukh",
"word": "בוך"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "buoch"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "puoh"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*bōk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "bók"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "bók"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"m or f"
],
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Elfdalian",
"lang_code": "ovd",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "buok"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pyökki"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "bōk"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "pyökki"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"raw_tags": [
"Runic"
],
"word": "ᛒᚮᚴ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"c"
],
"word": "bog"
}
],
"lang": "Old Danish",
"lang_code": "gmq-oda",
"word": "bok"
},
{
"lang": "Gutnish",
"lang_code": "gmq-gut",
"word": "bok"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "bók"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*bōkō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōkō"
],
[
"bookfell",
"bookfell"
],
[
"*bʰeh₂g-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeh₂g-"
],
[
"burts",
"burts#Latvian"
],
[
"bùrtis",
"burtis#Lithuanian"
],
[
"bùrtas",
"burtas#Lithuanian"
],
[
"*bъrtь",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bъrtь"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": ":der",
"3": "ine-pro:*bʰeh₂ǵos<unc>",
"4": ":der",
"5": "ine-pro:*bʰeh₂g-<unc>",
"id": "book"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰeh₂ǵos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰeh₂g-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bōks\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }\" data-id=\"book\" data-lang=\"gem-pro\" data-title=\"*bōks\" id=\"Proto-Germanic:_book\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeh₂g-",
"t": "to allot"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "letter"
},
"expansion": "“letter”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "burts",
"3": "",
"4": "letter, mark"
},
"expansion": "Latvian burts (“letter, mark”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bùrtis",
"3": "",
"4": "sign"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bъrtь",
"3": "",
"4": "carving in a tree"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”)",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Often linked to *bōkō (“beech”), though beechbark-writing, unlike birchbark-writing, is not known, nor is it likely that bookfells were made from beeches at the time. Connected by some to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”), ascribing to the word the meaning of “letter”, in the sense of merely one or few symbols; in older times, letters would have served as (allotted) ownership symbols, which would then have been generalized to any work with writing upon it. In case “letter” was indeed the original sense, compare also the semantics of Latvian burts (“letter, mark”), Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”) and bùrtas (“lot”) with Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”); thus beech trunks could have been the wood carved in, rather than the bark. According to Kroonen, “it is generally assumed that the first scriptures consisted of wooden tablets.”",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "*bōks f",
"name": "gem-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"synonym"
],
"word": "bōkō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gem-pro:Writing"
],
"glosses": [
"letter, written message, inscriptions carved into a flat object pressed together, “book”"
],
"links": [
[
"letter",
"letter"
],
[
"book",
"book"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"North Proto-Germanic",
"gem-pro:Beech family plants"
],
"glosses": [
"beech"
],
"links": [
[
"beech",
"beech"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(originally and in North Germanic) beech"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bɔːks/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːks"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Birch bark manuscript",
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "bōks"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bōks meaning in All languages combined (14.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.